The most common polyphenol in coffee from this group is 5-caffeoylquinic acid. CGAs typically comprise ~10% of the weight of coffee beans.1Īs CGAs are metabolized, their metabolites circulate in the body and have the potential for impact on brain function. Specific CGAs in coffee include caffeoylquinic acid, feruloylquinic acid, and dicaffeoylquinic acid.14 They’ve been studied for their potential to impact mood and cognition in both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffees. For example, 16 oz of Starbucks Breakfast Blend ranged from 259.2 mg caffeine to 564.4 mg caffeine over a six-day period.13ĬGAs are the main class of phenolics found in coffee and contain no caffeine themselves. When specialty coffees were tested, the caffeine content of either drip coffee or espresso varied not only from store to store but also within the same store from day to day. Caffeine content also can range drastically depending on the origin of the coffee, the type of roast (such as robusta vs arabica), the brew method (eg, espresso, drip, or percolation), and the grounds-to-water ratio used in brewing. Comparatively, 1 oz of espresso contains 3 kcal, 8% DV for niacin, 6% DV for magnesium, 63 mg caffeine, and minimal riboflavin and pantothenic acid.10,11Ĭaffeine accounts for about 1% of the weight of coffee beans.1Īn average 8-oz cup of coffee contains around 80 to 100 mg caffeine, and a 1-oz shot of espresso contains around 65 mg caffeine.4 Decaf coffee contains 2 to 15 mg caffeine per 8-oz serving.12 Most espresso drinks, such as cappuccinos and lattes, are, depending on the size, typically made with more than one shot of espresso, resulting in a higher caffeine content. More than a thousand compounds have been identified in coffee, including caffeine, chlorogenic acids, and tannins.1 Per the USDA’s FoodData Central, one 8-oz cup of coffee contains 11% DV for riboflavin, 6% DV for pantothenic acid, 95 mg caffeine, and 2 kcal. However, symptoms don’t always occur with the same dose or severity, so staying within the daily recommended values will limit these effects for the average person.9 For those prone to anxiety or panic attacks, these conditions can be intensified. Currently, the 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans support that as much as 400 mg/day of caffeine is safe for most healthy individuals, equating to three to five cups of coffee at 8 oz per serving.4 This lowers to 200 to 300 mg/day during pregnancy and 300 mg/day when breast-feeding caffeine could cause spontaneous abortion when crossing the placenta in pregnancy due to potential impacts on endogenous hormone regulation, and it’s expressed in breastmilk during lactation.5-7 In Europe, safe levels are similar to the United States, with the addition of a “safe consumption in one sitting” guideline of 200 mg.8 Common side effects of caffeine toxicity include increased heart rate, anxiety, poor sleep, and potential increases in blood pressure. Guidelines for coffee intake are dependent on the daily recommendations for caffeine and given in milligrams of caffeine per day. About 63% of Americans report having coffee each day.3 Consumption is also lower on weekends than weekdays.2 Common reasons for drinking coffee include taste, energy, relief from warm or cold weather, and social connection. While coffee is commonly used to start the day between 9 and 11 AM, consumption also peaks in the afternoon (1 to 3 PM) and decreases gradually into the evening. This continuing education course reviews coffee’s effects on cognition, how its impact varies based on consumption patterns, its physiological and neurophysiological effects, and consumption recommendations.Ĭoffee is one of the most widely consumed and popular beverages in the world.1 Different brewing methods allow for different coffee preparations, including the drip method, percolation, pressurization to make espresso, and instant coffee made by mixing granules with hot water. A good deal of research has shown that coffee, and its constituents chlorogenic acid (CGA) and caffeine, positively could impact cognitive function. Interest in the potential health benefits of coffee compounds is growing, especially concerning their impact on cognitive function. Take this course and earn 2 CEUs on our Continuing Education Learning Library CPE Monthly: Coffee’s Impact on Cognitive Function
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